Surveillance colonoscopy

Adjunct technologies

From Cancer Guidelines Wiki


Guideline contents > Adjunct technologies

  Cite this page

Singh, R, Brown, G, Dr Tom Sutherland, Raftopoulos, S, Appleyard, M, Hewett, D, Dr Joshua Butt, Cancer Council Australia Surveillance Colonoscopy Guidelines Working Party. Guidelines:Colorectal cancer/Colonoscopy surveillance/Adjunct technologies . In: Clinical practice guidelines for surveillance colonoscopy. Sydney: Cancer Council Australia. [Version URL: https://wiki.cancer.org.au/australiawiki/index.php?oldid=200662, cited 2023 Sep 23]. Available from: https://wiki.cancer.org.au/australia/Guidelines:Colorectal_cancer/Colonoscopy_surveillance.


Last modified:
25 March 2019 22:04:53




Colonoscopy

Overview of evidence (non-systematic literature review)

No systematic reviews were undertaken for this topic. Practice points were based on selected evidence and guidelines (see Guideline development process).

'Add-on’ devices

Inspection on withdrawal could contribute to polyps being missed, as visualisation of the proximal surface of haustral folds may be limited. Several back-to-back colonoscopy trials have reported adenoma miss rates of up to 25%.[1][2] Sessile serrated adenomas or non-polypoid lesions have limited contrast in relation to the surrounding mucosa and can be overlooked.[3] This may contribute to the relatively high risk of interval cancers in the proximal colon.[3][4] As a result, 'add-on' technologies have been developed to improve visualisation, especially in areas behind haustral folds. These include:

  • Transparent Cap (TC)
  • EndoRing
  • Endocuff
  • G-EYE endoscope
  • Third Eye Panoramic device
  • Third Eye Retroscope.

The TC is the most studied add-on device. The cap is attached to the tip of a colonoscope prior to the examination. Although adding to the cost of colonoscopy, it has been proposed as a method for shortening withdrawal time in addition to improving adenoma detection rates (ADR).[5] When used by more experienced colonoscopists, the TC does not improve either the caecal intubation rate or the ADR, but does shorten the caecal intubation time. It may have utility for difficult cases, especially when initial caecal intubation fails.[6] A meta-analysis of 16 studies examining the role of the TC revealed a marginal benefit for polyp detection rate (relative risk 1.08) and no difference in ADR.[7] However, the TC has been shown to improve detection of serrated lesions (12.8% vs 6.6%).[8]

Brand et al recently published the results of a pooled analysis of three technologies (the Third Eye Retroscope, the Full Spectrum Endoscope, and the EndoRing), concluding that these adjunct technologies may enhance detection of small (<10mm) adenomas.[9]

In a multicentre back-to-back study involving 116 patients comparing colonoscopy with and without the EndoRing reported, adenoma miss rates of 10% versus 48% and polyp miss rates of 9% versus 53%.[10]

The Endocuff is a similar device, which appears to increase the detection of diminutive polyps and improve ADR.[11] However, a larger randomised control trial involving 1063 patients showed no change in the ADR.[12]

Shirin et al recently conducted a study over >1000 patients using a balloon based device, the G‐EYE colonoscope.[13] Significantly more adenomas were detected when this technology was used compared with conventional colonoscopy.

With all of these devices the additional cost is a factor that must be considered before incorporation into practice, considering the modest gains reported.

Back to top

Chromoendoscopy

Chromoendoscopy (dye spray) has been introduced to enhance the detection of polyps, particularly diminutive flat lesions that may be otherwise difficult to detect.[14] When combined with high magnification, chromoendoscopy was found to be highly efficient in differentiating adenomatous from non-adenomatous polyps.[15][16][17] It has also been strongly advocated in patients undergoing surveillance for IBDinflammatory bowel disease (IBD).[18][19][20] However, in a more recent non inferiority trial, high-definition white-light endoscopy was as effective as chromoendoscopy[21] (see also Colonoscopic surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)).

Based on results from their studies, Lapalus[22] and Le Rhun[23] could not recommend the systematic use of chromoendoscopy for overall adenoma detection, although there was improvement seen in detecting small adenomas in the proximal colon. Other studies reported that chromoendoscopy detected more polyps compared with standard colonoscopy,[24][25] particularly in patients with Lynch syndrome.[26][27]

Despite being advocated for close to two decades, chromoendoscopy struggles to be accepted in mainstream clinical practice and as a result appears to have been superseded by electronic image enhanced technologies for characterisation of colorectal polyps.


Back to top

Carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation

A recent meta-analysis has confirmed that, when compared to air insufflation, CO2 insufflation clearly reduces post-colonoscopy pain and distension and allows more rapid caecal intubation, but does not improve completion rates or adenoma detection.[28] It appears to be safe even in patients with airway disease.[29]

Barriers to implementation include the lack of incorporation of CO2 insufflation into standard endoscopy systems, the resulting cost of retrofitting CO2 insufflation, and the ongoing cost of the gas itself, estimated at US$3 per procedure.[30]

Back to top


Practice pointQuestion mark transparent.png

Chromoendoscopy should be considered for routine colonoscopy to improve the detection and characterisation of colorectal polyps.


Practice pointQuestion mark transparent.png

Chromoendoscopy should be considered for patients undergoing surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease, although a recent study has shown equivalence with high resolution white-light endoscopy.


Practice pointQuestion mark transparent.png

CO2 insufflation should be used routinely to improve patient tolerability of colonoscopy.


Back to top

References

  1. ↑ van Rijn JC, Reitsma JB, Stoker J, Bossuyt PM, van Deventer SJ, Dekker E. Polyp miss rate determined by tandem colonoscopy: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2006 Feb;101(2):343-50 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16454841.
  2. ↑ Heresbach D, Barrioz T, Lapalus MG, Coumaros D, Bauret P, Potier P, et al. Miss rate for colorectal neoplastic polyps: a prospective multicenter study of back-to-back video colonoscopies. Endoscopy 2008 Apr;40(4):284-90 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18389446.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Burgess NG, Tutticci NJ, Pellise M, Bourke MJ. Sessile serrated adenomas/polyps with cytologic dysplasia: a triple threat for interval cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2014 Aug;80(2):307-10 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24890425.
  4. ↑ Singh R, Cheng Tao Pu LZ, Koay D, Burt A. Sessile serrated adenoma/polyps: Where are we at in 2016? World J Gastroenterol 2016 Sep 14;22(34): 7754–7759.
  5. ↑ Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y. Improved colorectal adenoma detection with a transparent retractable extension device. Am J Gastroenterol 2008 Feb;103(2):341-5 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18076740.
  6. ↑ Lee YT, Lai LH, Hui AJ, Wong VW, Ching JY, Wong GL, et al. Efficacy of cap-assisted colonoscopy in comparison with regular colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2009 Jan;104(1):41-6 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19098847.
  7. ↑ Ng SC, Tsoi KK, Hirai HW, Lee YT, Wu JC, Sung JJ, et al. The efficacy of cap-assisted colonoscopy in polyp detection and cecal intubation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2012;107(8): 1165-1173.
  8. ↑ Rzouq F, Gupta N, Wani S, Sharma P, Bansal A, Rastogi A. Cap assisted colonoscopy for the detection of serrated polyps: a post-hoc analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015 Feb 5;15:11 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652842.
  9. ↑ Brand EC, Dik VK, van Oijen MGH, Siersema PD. Missed adenomas with behind-folds visualizing colonoscopy technologies compared with standard colonoscopy: a pooled analysis of 3 randomized back-to-back tandem colonoscopy studies. Gastrointest Endosc 2017 Aug;86(2):376-385.e2 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28069476.
  10. ↑ Dik VK, Gralnek IM, Segol O, Suissa A, Belderbos TD, Moons LM, et al. Multicenter, randomized, tandem evaluation of EndoRings colonoscopy--results of the CLEVER study. Endoscopy 2015 Dec;47(12):1151-8 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26220283.
  11. ↑ De Palma GD, Giglio MC, Bruzzese D, Gennarelli N, Maione F, Siciliano S, et al. Cap cuff-assisted colonoscopy versus standard colonoscopy for adenoma detection: a randomized back-to-back study. Gastrointest Endosc 2018 Jan;87(1):232-240 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28082115.
  12. ↑ van Doorn SC, van der Vlugt M, Depla A, Wientjes CA, Mallant-Hent RC, Siersema PD, et al. Adenoma detection with Endocuff colonoscopy versus conventional colonoscopy: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Gut 2017 Mar;66(3):438-445 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26674360.
  13. ↑ Shirin Haim, Shpal Beni, Epshtein Julia, Vilmann Peter, et al. Comparison of Adenoma Detection Rate by a High Definition Colonoscopy versus Standard High Definition Colonoscopy- A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Trial. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2016 May [cited 2018 Feb 7];83(5):AB192 Available from: http://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(16)00464-8/pdf.
  14. ↑ Sonwalkar S, Rotimi O, Rembacken BJ. Characterization of colonic polyps at conventional (nonmagnifying) colonoscopy after spraying with 0.2 % indigo carmine dye. Endoscopy 2006 Dec;38(12):1218-23 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17163322.
  15. ↑ Kudo S, Hirota S, Nakajima T, Hosobe S, Kusaka H, Kobayashi T, et al. Colorectal tumours and pit pattern. J Clin Pathol 1994 Oct;47(10):880-5 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7962600.
  16. ↑ Eisen GM, Kim CY, Fleischer DE, Kozarek RA, Carr-Locke DL, Li TC, et al. High-resolution chromoendoscopy for classifying colonic polyps: a multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2002 May;55(6):687-94 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11979251.
  17. ↑ Singh R, Owen V, Shonde A, Kaye P, Hawkey C, Ragunath K. White light endoscopy, narrow band imaging and chromoendoscopy with magnification in diagnosing colorectal neoplasia. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2009 Oct 15;1(1):45-50 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21160650.
  18. ↑ Kiesslich R, Neurath MF. Surveillance colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis: magnifying chromoendoscopy in the spotlight. Gut 2004 Feb;53(2):165-7 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14724144.
  19. ↑ Marion JF, Waye JD, Present DH, Israel Y, Bodian C, Harpaz N, et al. Chromoendoscopy-targeted biopsies are superior to standard colonoscopic surveillance for detecting dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a prospective endoscopic trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2008 Sep;103(9):2342-9 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18844620.
  20. ↑ Laine L, Kaltenbach T, Barkun A, McQuaid KR, Subramanian V, Soetikno R, et al. SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2015 Mar;148(3):639-651.e28 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25702852.
  21. ↑ Iacucci M, Kaplan GG, Panaccione R, Akinola O, Lethebe BC, Lowerison M, et al. A Randomized Trial Comparing High Definition Colonoscopy Alone With High Definition Dye Spraying and Electronic Virtual Chromoendoscopy for Detection of Colonic Neoplastic Lesions During IBD Surveillance Colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2017 Nov 14 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29134964.
  22. ↑ Société Française d'Endoscopie Digestive, Lapalus MG, Helbert T, Napoleon B, Rey JF, Houcke P, et al. Does chromoendoscopy with structure enhancement improve the colonoscopic adenoma detection rate? Endoscopy 2006 May;38(5):444-8 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767577.
  23. ↑ Le Rhun M, Coron E, Parlier D, Nguyen JM, Canard JM, Alamdari A, et al. High resolution colonoscopy with chromoscopy versus standard colonoscopy for the detection of colonic neoplasia: a randomized study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 Mar;4(3):349-54 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527699.
  24. ↑ Park SY, Lee SK, Kim BC, Han J, Kim JH, Cheon JH, et al. Efficacy of chromoendoscopy with indigocarmine for the detection of ascending colon and cecum lesions. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008;43(7):878-85 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18584527.
  25. ↑ Stoffel EM, Turgeon DK, Stockwell DH, Zhao L, Normolle DP, Tuck MK, et al. Missed adenomas during colonoscopic surveillance in individuals with Lynch Syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008 Nov;1(6):470-5 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138994.
  26. ↑ Lecomte T, Cellier C, Meatchi T, Barbier JP, Cugnenc PH, Jian R, et al. Chromoendoscopic colonoscopy for detecting preneoplastic lesions in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005 Sep;3(9):897-902 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16234028.
  27. ↑ Stoffel EM, Turgeon DK, Stockwell DH, Normolle DP, Tuck MK, Marcon NE, et al. Chromoendoscopy detects more adenomas than colonoscopy using intensive inspection without dye spraying. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008 Dec;1(7):507-13 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139000.
  28. ↑ Sajid MS, Caswell J, Bhatti MI, Sains P, Baig MK, Miles WF. Carbon dioxide insufflation vs conventional air insufflation for colonoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials. Colorectal Dis 2015 Feb;17(2):111-23 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25393051.
  29. ↑ Yoshida M, Imai K, Hotta K, Yamaguchi Y, Tanaka M, Kakushima N, et al. Carbon dioxide insufflation during colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection for patients with obstructive ventilatory disturbance. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014 Mar;29(3):365-71 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297038.
  30. ↑ Lo SK, Fujii-Lau LL, Enestvedt BK, Hwang JH, Konda V, Manfredi MA, et al. The use of carbon dioxide in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2016 May;83(5):857-65 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26946413.

Back to top

Retrieved from "https://wiki.cancer.org.au/australiawiki/index.php?title=Guidelines:Colorectal_cancer/Colonoscopy_surveillance/Adjunct_technologies&oldid=200662"